Osteoporosis :
Osteoporosis refers to a bone disorder that results in the weakening of the bones of the wrists, hips, and spine and eventually causes bone fractures. The presenting complaints of osteoporosis include losing an inch or more of height, changes in the natural posture, lower back pain, and shortness of breath. The risk factors associated with osteoporosis include a similar family history, old age, especially in women after the menopause, and smoking tobacco. The factors contributing to osteoporosis include medical conditions like endocrine disorders affecting the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands, such as thyroid diseases and diabetes, autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis, gastrointestinal diseases like celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease, and blood diseases like multiple myeloma and certain medications. Osteoporosis also occurs due to regular consumption of alcohol and calcium or vitamin deficiency. Osteoporosis is treated by exercising regularly, using medications like hormone therapies, and taking vitamin and mineral supplements.





