Heart valve Repair :
The human heart has four pumping chambers, each of which has a valve. However, these valves can become stiff (stenosis) or not close properly and leak blood (regurgitation). Heart valve repair becomes necessary in such cases. These valves in the heart may be repaired with traditional open-heart surgery. It involves making a large incision in the chest and putting tubes into the heart to divert the pumping of blood to a machine. The lungs remain functional with the help of a ventilator. Then, the heart is stopped, and the damaged valve is replaced with an artificial valve. Newer techniques of heart valve repair do not require extensive cutting and stitching. For instance, in the transcatheter aortic valve replacement procedure, a tube is guided to the damaged valve via a hole in the groin or chest. The damaged valve is then replaced using the tube.