Flat foot :
Flat foot, also known as pes planus, is a common condition characterized by the absence of visible arches in the foot when a person stands. This is usually seen in babies as the arches develop during early childhood. Flat foot happens later on when the arches don't develop or when the feet lose natural arches due to an underlying medical condition making the sole touch the ground. The early signs of flat foot are foot pain, ankle pain after walking, and pain in the hips and lower back. Long-term effects of a flat foot might be gait disorders and abnormalities, deformities like bunions or hammertoes, and chronic pain even when a person is not walking. If a flat foot is seen from birth, the factors causing it might be cerebral palsy, clubfoot, down syndrome, Ehlers-Danos syndrome, and osteogenesis imperfecta. Acquired flat foot is mainly caused by arthritis, Charcot foot injuries, and posterior tibial tendon dysfunction.