Cystitis :
Cystitis, also known as bladder inflammation, is caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli. It occurs when the bacteria that are present between the vagina or penis and rectum travel to the bladder via the urethra. It is most commonly seen in women. Factors that increase the risk of cystitis are anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract, menopause, using a catheter, using spermicides, constipation, and multiple sexual partners. Symptoms include frequent urination, pain, a burning sensation while passing urine, and dark, foul-smelling pee. Symptoms that can lead to a serious kidney infection are fever, chills, vomiting, and flank pain. Diagnosis is made by urinalysis and urine culture. It can be prevented by practicing good hygiene habits, drinking plenty of fluids, and using estrogen creams, D-mannose, and cranberry supplements.