Hypospadias :
Hypospadias is a congenital condition in which the urethral opening or meatus isn't located at the tip of the penis. Hypospadias is classified into various types such as glanular, coronal, midshaft, penoscrotal and scrotal or perineal. The symptoms induced by hypospadias include problems while urinating, an underdeveloped foreskin, chordee or congenitally curved penis and undescended testicles. The risk factors associated with hypospadias are a body mass index of the mother greater than 30, advanced maternal age, using other hormones before or during pregnancy, chemical or pesticide exposure, smoking while pregnant and using fertility treatment to get pregnant. Hypospadias is treated by surgical treatment called hypospadias repair. The complications of hypospadias include anesthesia risks, infection, bleeding, scarring or abnormal healing, urethrocutaneous fistula, urethral stricture, urethral diverticulum and recurrent curvature. A woman can prevent hypospadias by not smoking or drinking alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight, and taking folic acid supplements during pregnancy.






