Vesicovaginal-Fistula :
Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is an abnormal connection between the urinary bladder and vagina which allows the involuntary flow of urine into the vagina. VVF has negative effects on the a woman's mental health apart from the disease process. It can occur due to various causes like complications of childbirth like prolonged labor, instrumental delivery known as obstertric fistula, hysterectomy, cesarean section , accidental injury, cervical and vaginal carcinoma, radiation therapy and pelvic abscess etc,. The signs and symptoms include painful and frequent urination , continuous urinary incontinence, blood in the urine, urinary discharge from vagina, vaginal infection , foul smelling urine etc. Management is by surgical repair by transvaginal or transabdominal /laparoscopic catheterization, antibiotics and other supportive care to prevent complications like recurrent formation of the fistula , injury to the ureter, intestines and vaginal shortening.