Ventricular septal defect (VSD) :
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a birth defect in the heart where there is incomplete closure of ventricular septum that causing left to right shunt in the heart causing volume overload at the ventricular level and increased pulmonary blood flow. In the first 5 years of childhood small VSD close spontaneously and are asymptomatic with normal development of the child. VSD surgery is indicated in large defects and failure to medical therapy and complications of VSD like aortic regurgitation, shunt reversal, infective endocarditits and pneumonia etc. The surgery is performed by a cardiothorasic surgeon by closing or patching the defect surgically or by a using a catheter to pass by a major artery and place a synthetic mesh over the defect and closing it depending on the size and condition of the child.